aŸwb I eY©
2. aŸwb I eY©
2.1 aŸwb I eY©
2.2 g-djvIe -djvi D”PviY
Kg©-Abykxjb
2. aŸwb I eY©
1.1 aŸwb I eY©
K. aŸwb
†Kv‡bv fvlvi D”PvwiZ
kã‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †h Dcv`vbmg~n cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv‡K c„_Kfv‡e aŸwb
e‡j| aŸwbi m‡½ mvaviYZ
A‡_©i mswkøóZv _v‡K bv| aŸwb ˆZwi nq evMh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨| aŸwb
ˆZwi‡Z †hme evK&-cÖZ¨½
mnvqZv K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑdzmdzm, Mjbvwj, wRnŸv, Zvjy, gvwo, `uvZ,
†VuvU, bvK BZ¨vw`|
gvbyldzmdz‡mi mvnv‡h¨ k¦vm MÖnY I Z¨vM K‡i|dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm evB‡i
Avmvi mgq gy‡Li wewfbœ
RvqMvq evav cvq| d‡j gy‡L bvbv ai‡bi aŸwbi m„wó nq| Z‡e me
aŸwbB mefvlv MÖnY K‡i bv|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ
aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq : 1.¯^
iaŸwb 2. e¨ÄbaŸwb|
1.¯^
iaŸwb : †h aŸwb Ab¨ aŸwbi
mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡RB m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq Ges hv‡K
Avkªq K‡i Ab¨ aŸwbi m„Rb
nq Zv‡K¯^
iaŸwb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq
†gŠwjK¯^
iaŸwb
7wU| h_v : A, Av, B, D, G,
I, A¨v|
2. e¨ÄbaŸwb : †h aŸwb¯^
iaŸwbi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯úói~‡c
D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †h
aŸwb mvaviYZ Ab¨ aŸwb‡K
Avkªq K‡i D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡K e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| †hgb :
K& , L& , M& ,
N& , c& , m& BZ¨vw`| GB aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cÖK…ófv‡e kÖywZ‡hvM¨ K‡i D”PviY
Ki‡Z n‡j ¯^iaŸwbi Avkªq
wb‡Z nq| †hgb : (K&+A=) K; (M&+A=) M; (c&+A=) c
BZ¨vw`|
L. eY©
aŸwb gvby‡li gyLwbtm„Z
evqy †_‡K m„ó, ZvB Gi †Kv‡bv AvKvi †bB| G¸‡jv gvbyl gy‡L D”PviY
K‡i Ges Kv‡b †kv‡b| fvlv
wj‡L cÖKvk Kivi myweav‡_© aŸwb¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wKQz cÖZxK
ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖZx‡Ki
bvg eY©| A_©vr †Kv‡bv fvlv wjL‡Z †hme aŸwb-†`¨vZK cÖZxK ev
wPýe¨eüZ nq Zv‡K eY© e‡j|
GB eY©mg~‡ni mgwóB n‡jv eY©gvjv|
evsjv aŸwbi g‡Zv eY©I ZvB
`ycÖKvi : 1.¯^
ieY©, 2. e¨ÄbeY©|
1.¯^
ieY© :¯^
iaŸwbi wjwLZ wPýev cÖZxK‡K
ejv nq¯^
ieY©| evsjv fvlvq †gŠwjK
¯^
iaŸwb 7wU| wKšÍy¯^
ieY© 11wU| h_v : A, Av, B,
C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
2.e¨ÄbeY© :e¨ÄbaŸwbi wjwLZ
wPýev cÖZxK‡K e¨ÄbeY© ejv nq| evsjv fvlvq
e¨ÄbeY© 39wU| h_v :
KLMNO
P Q R ST
UVWXY
Z_`ab
cdefg
h i j
kl m n
o p q r
stu
eY©gvjv : †Kv‡bv fvlv
wjL‡Z †h aŸwb-†`¨vZK cÖZxK ev wPýmg~n e¨eüZ nq Zvi mgwóB n‡jv
eY©gvjv| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ
eY©mg~n‡K GK‡Î evsjv eY©gvjv e‡j|
evsjv eY©gvjvq †gvU 50wU
eY© Av‡Q|
evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^ie‡Y©i
wjwLZ i~c `ywU : 1. c~Y©i~c 2. mswÿß i~c|
1.¯^
ie‡Y©i c~Y©i~c : evsjv
fvlv †jLvi mgq †Kv‡bv k‡ã ¯^vaxbfv‡e ¯^ieY© em‡j Zvi c~Y©i~c
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
:A‡bK,AvKvk,Bwjk,DwKj,FY,GK|
k‡ãi g‡a¨ : †e`yBb, evDj,
cvDiywU, AvenvIqv|
k‡ãi †k‡l : eB,eD,hv I|
10 evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
2.¯^
ie‡Y©i mswÿß i~c : A-wfbœ
Ab¨¯^
ieY©¸‡jv e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½
mshy³ n‡j c~Y©i~‡ci e`‡j
mswÿß i~c cwiMÖn
K‡i|¯^ie‡Y©i G ai‡bi mswÿßi~c‡K ÔKviÕ e‡j|¯^
ie‡Y©i ÔKviÕ-wPý
10wU| h_v :
Av-Kvi(v)Ñgv, evev, XvKv|
B-Kvi(w)Ñ wKwb, wPwb,
wgwb|
C-Kvi(x)Ñ kkx, mxgvbv,
ixwZ|
D-Kvi(y)Ñ KzKzi, cyKzi,
`ycyi|
E-Kvi(~)Ñ f~Z, g~j¨, m~wP|
F-Kvi(„)Ñ K…lK, Z…Y,
c„w_ex|
G-Kvi(†)Ñ †Pqvi, †Uwej,
†g‡q|
H-Kvi(ˆ)Ñ ˆZwi, ˆeix,
ˆbFZ|
I-Kvi(†v)Ñ †LvKv, †cvKv,
†evKv|
J-Kvi(†Š)Ñ †bŠKv, †gŠmywg,
†cŠl|
evsjv eY©gvjvq e¨Äbe‡Y©iI
`ywU wjwLZ i~c i‡q‡Q : 1. c~Y©i~c 2. mswÿß i~c|
1. e¨Äbe‡Y©i c~Y©i~c
:e¨Äbe‡Y©i c~Y©i~c k‡ãi cÖ_‡g, g‡a¨ ev †k‡l¯^
vaxbfv‡e e‡m|
k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
:KweZv,cov‡kvbv,UMi|
k‡ãi g‡a¨ : KvKwj, Lyjbv,
dzUej|
k‡ãi †k‡l : Avg, kxZj,
wm‡jU|
2. e¨Äbe‡Y©i mswÿß i~c :
A‡bK mgq¯^
ieY© ev e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½
mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨
e¨Äbe‡Y©i AvKvi mswÿß n‡q
hvq| e¨Äbe‡Y©i GB mswÿß i~c‡K ÔdjvÕ e‡j| e¨Äbe‡Y©i
ÔdjvÕ-wPý6wU| h_v :
b / Y-djv (b/Y)ÑwP ý,
wewfbœ, hZœ; / c~e©vnè, Acivnè|
e-djv (e)Ñ cK¡, wek¦,
aŸwb|
g-djv (g)Ñ cÙv, gyn¤§`,
Zb¥q, wPb¥q|
h-djv (¨)Ñ L¨vwZ, U¨vsiv,
e¨vsK|
i-djv ( ª ) Ñ µq, MÖn, †id
( © ) - KK©, eY©|
j-djv (j)ÑK¬v šÍ,cøxnv,
Agøvb|
aŸwb I eY© 11
evsjv eY©gvjvi¯^
i I e¨ÄbeY© D”PviY¯’vb
I aŸwbcÖK…wZ Abyhvqx web¨¯Z|
e‡Y©i D”PviY
¯’vb
D”PviY¯’vb
Abymv‡i¯^
i I e¨ÄbeY©¸‡jvi bvg wb‡Pi
Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
eY© D”PviY¯’vb
D”PviY¯’vb Abymv‡i e‡Y©i bvg
A, Av, K, L, M, N, O, n KÉ
ev wRnŸvg~j Kɨ ev wRnŸvg~jxq eY©
B, C, P, Q, R, S, T, h, q,
k Zvjy Zvje¨ eY©
D, E, c, d, e, f, g Iô Iô¨
eY©
F, U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p,
l g~a©v g~a©b¨ eY©
G, H KÉ I Zvjy KÉZvje¨ eY©
I, J KÉ I Iô K‡ÉŠô¨ eY©
Z, _, `, a, b, j, m `šÍ
`šÍ¨ eY©
AšÍt¯’e` šÍIIô `‡ šÍŠô¨
eY©
e‡Y©i D”PviY
cÖK…wZ
A: A-Gi D”PviY
`y iKg :
¯^
vfvweK (A-Gi g‡Zv) : AR
(A‡Rv), AKvj (AKvj&), K_v (K_v), kc_ (kc_&) ,
ÿY (Lb&), RÄvj
(Rb&Rvj&), Mqbv (Mq&bv), Ni (Ni&)|
weK…Z (I-Gi g‡Zv) : AwZ
(IwZ), b`x (†bvw`), Awfavb (Iwfavb&), AZby (A‡Zvby),
mygwZ (my‡gvwZ), †gŠb
(†gŠ‡bv), g„M (g„‡Mv)|
Av :Av-Gi D”PviYI
`y iKg :
¯^vfvweK (Av-Gi g‡Zv) :
AvMvgx (AvMvwg), Avgiv (Avg&iv), Avkv (Avkv), AvKvk
(AvKvk&), Av‡jv
(Av‡jv)|
weK…Z (A¨v-Gi g‡Zv) : Ávb
(Mu¨vb&), weL¨vZ (weK&L¨v‡Zv)|
12 evsjv e¨vKiY wbwg©wZ
G: G-Gi `y iKg D”PviY
nq :
¯^
vfvweK (G-Gi g‡Zv) : GKwU
(GK&wU), †KK (†KK&), †KUwj (†KU&wj), †g‡q (†g‡q),
†e¸b (†e¸b&), †gl
(†gk&)|
weK…Z (A¨v-Gi g‡Zv) : GK
(A¨vK&), †Ljv (L¨vjv), †ejv (e¨vjv), †Kb (K¨v‡bv),
†hb (h¨v‡bv)|
O: O Ges s (Aby¯^
vi)-Gi D”PviY
As nq :
e¨vO (e¨vs), evOvwj
(evsAvwj), ew¼g (eswKg&), iO (is)|
T: T-Gi D”PviY
wZb iKg nq :
¯^
Zš¿T
: BuA-Gi g‡Zv : wgT (wgu‡qv), wgTv (wguqv)|
hy³ T + P/Q/R/S : b-Gi
g‡Zv : AÂj (Ab&Pj&), evÃv (evb&Qv), e¨Äb (e¨vb&‡Rvb&),
SÅv (Sb&Sv)|
hy³ R +T : Mu& ev
M&Mu-Gi g‡Zv : Ávb (Mu¨vb&), hÁ (†hvM&‡Muv)|
k, l, m :G¸‡jvi K‡qK iKg D”PviY
nq :
¯^
Zš¿k-Gi
g‡Zv : kw³ (†kvK&wZ), gkv (gkv), kvmb (kv‡kvb&), mwPe ( †kvwPe&),
mvwnZ¨ ( kvwnZ&‡Zv),
luvo (kuvo&), lô (kk&‡Vv)|
hy³ k + P/Q : k-Gi g‡Zv :
wbðq (wbk&Pq&), wki‡ñ` (wk‡ivk&‡Q`)|
hy³ k + b/i : Bs‡iwRs-Gi
g‡Zv : cÖkœ (†cÖvm&‡bv), kªg (†mªvg&)|
hy³ k + F/j : Bs‡iwRs-Gi
g‡Zv : k„Mvj (m„Mvj&), †køvK (†møvK&)|
hy³ k + e/g/h : k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
k/ku : k¦vm (kvk&), †k¦Z (†kZ&), k¥kvb (kukvb&),
k¥kÖ~ (†kuvm&iy)|
k‡ãi g‡a¨/†k‡l k&k :
wbtk¦vm (wbk&kvk&), wek¦ (wek&‡kv), iwk¥
(†ivk&wku), `„k¨
(`„k&‡kv)|
hy³ l + U/V : k-Gi g‡Zv :
wgóvbœ (wgk&Uvb&‡bv), Abyôvb (Ibyk&Vvb&), lôx (†kvk&wV)|
hy³ m + Z/_ : Bs‡iwRs-Gi
g‡Zv : wb¯Zvi (wbm&Zvi), `y¯’ (`ym&‡_v)|
hy³ m + b/i : k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
Bs‡iwRs: mœvb& (snvb), †mœn (†sn‡nv), mªóv (†mªvk&Uv),
†mªvZ ( †mªvZ&)|
k‡ãi g‡a¨/†k‡l m&m :
m‡mœ
n (km&‡mœ‡nv)|
aŸwb I eY© 13
hy³ m + e/g : k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
k/ku :¯^
Y© (ki&b&‡bv),
¯§iY (ku‡ivb&)|
k‡ãi g‡a¨/†k‡l
kk&/m&m : me©¯^(ki&&‡evk&‡kv), mw¯§Z (km&wg‡Zv)|
2.2 g-djv I e-djvi D”PviY
g-djvi D”PviY
K. c‡`i cÖ_‡g g-djv _vK‡j
†m e‡Y©i D”Pvi‡Y wKQzUv †SuvK c‡o Ges mvgvb¨ bvwmK¨¯^
i
nq| †hgb : k¥kvb (
kukvb&), ¯§iY (ku‡ivb&)|
KL‡bv KL‡bv ÔgÕ Aby”PvwiZ
_vK‡Z I cv‡i| †hgb : ¯§„wZ (m„wZ ev m„uwZ)|
L. c‡`i g‡a¨ ev †k‡l g-djv
hy³ n‡j D”Pvi‡Y †m e‡Y©i wØZ¡ nq Ges mvgvb¨ bvwmK¨¯^
i nq|
†hgb : AvZ¥xq
(AvZ&wZuq), cÙ (c`&‡`uv), we¯§q (wek&kuq), f¯§¯Í~c
(fk&‡kuvm&Zzc&), f¯§
(fk&‡kuv), iwk¥
(†ivk&wku)|
M. M, O, U, Y, b, ev j
e‡Y©i m‡½ g-djv hy³ n‡j, g-Gi D”PviY eRvq _v‡K| hy³ e¨Ä‡bi
cÖ_g e‡Y©i¯^
i jyß nq| †hgb : evM¥x
(evM&wg), g„b¥q (g„b&gq), Rb¥ (Rb&‡gv), ¸j¥ (¸j&‡gv)|
e-djvi D”PviY
K. k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e-djv hy³
n‡j D”Pvi‡Y ïay †m e‡Y©i Dci AwZwi³ †SuvK c‡o|
†hgb : K¡wPr (†KvwPr),
wØZ¡ (w`Z&‡Zv), k¦vm (kvk&),¯^
Rb (k‡Rvb), Ø›Ø
(`b&‡`v)|
L. k‡ãi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l e-djv
hy³ n‡j hy³ e¨ÄbwUi wØZ¡ D”PviY nq| †hgb : wek¦vm
(wek&kvk&), cK¡
(cK&‡Kv), Ak¦ (Ak&‡kv), wej¦ (wej&‡jv)|
M. mwÜRvZ k‡ã hy³ e-djvq
e-Gi D”PviY eRvq _v‡K| †hgb : w`wM¦Rq (w`M&weRq),
w`M¦jq (w`M&ejq)|
N. k‡ãi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l ÔeÕ
ev ÔgÕ-Gi m‡½ e-djv hy³ n‡j e-Gi D”PviY eRvq _v‡K|
†hgb : wZeŸZ (wZe&eZ).
j¤^ (jg&‡ev)|
O. Dr Dcm‡M©i m‡½ e-djv hy³
n‡j e-Gi D”PviY envj _v‡K| †hgb : DØv¯‘
(D`&evm&Zz), D‡Øj
(D`&‡ej&)|
14 evsjv e¨vKiY wbwg©Z
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. †Zvgvi `yB eÜzi Avjvc
gb w`‡q †kvb| Zvici Zv‡`i †h D”PviY¸‡jv †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Aï×
g‡b nq Zv LvZvq wj‡L
†Zvgvi wkÿK‡K †`wL‡q wb‡R‡K hvPvB Ki|
2. e-djvhy³ evbv‡b e-Gi D”PviY
KLb envj _v‡K? m~Îmn 10wU kã †jL|
3. ÒGKw`b we‡K‡j nšÍ`šÍ
mvey evwoi DVvb †_‡K Ôgv gvÕ e‡j wPrKvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z N‡i XzKj|
wPrKvi ï‡b ˆRZzb wewe
nKPwK‡q I‡V| †m ivbœvN‡i wQj| `ªyZ cvKkvjv †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m
mvey‡K wR‡Ám K‡i: ÔKx †iÑ
? G‡Zv wP°i cvom& K¨vb?Ó
ÑDׄZvs‡k †hme ÔKviÕ-Gi
e¨envi Av‡Q, †m¸‡jvi avivevwnK ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
ÑÔKviÕ¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`‡q
`y‡Uv bZzb kã ˆZwi Ki|
4. Òk¥kv‡b †cuŠ‡Q
k¦ïigkvB‡qi ˆkk‡ei ¯§„wZ ¯§iY n‡jv| wM‡qwQ‡jb wek¦bv_eveyi mrKvi m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z cÙv b`xi cv‡o| wd‡i
G‡jb f¯§ve„Z n‡q, k¥kÖy gyÊb K‡i|Ó
ÑGLv‡b †Kvb †Kvb ÔdjvÕ
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
ÑDׄZvsk Aej¤^‡b Ôk¥kvbÕ,
Ôk¦ïiÕ, Ô¯§iYÕ, Ôm¤úbœÕ, Ôk¥kÖæÕ kãvewji D”PviY †jL|
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