Awfavb
9. Awfavb
9.1 eY©vbyµg
9.2 fzw³ I kxl© kã
Kg©-Abykxjb
9. Awfavb
Bs‡iwR Dictionary kãwUi
evsjv A_© ÔAwfavbÕ| Awfavb n‡jv fvlvi †mB MÖš’, hv †_‡K H fvlvi
kãmg~n, k‡ãi A_©, Drm,
ey¨rcwË, c` wbY©q BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e Rvbv hvq| Awfavb
Rvwb‡q †`q k‡ãi ï× i~c
†KvbwU, ï× evbvb †KvbwU, ï× A_© †KvbwU| Awfavb gv‡bB n‡”Q
ï×Zvi cªZxK| c„w_exi me
DbœZ fvlviB Awfavb ev kã‡Kvl Av‡Q| evsjv fvlvqI msKwjZ n‡q‡Q
mg„×Awfavb|
9.1 eY©vbyµg
Awfav‡b k‡ãi ci kã mvRv‡bv
_v‡K eY©vbyµwgKfv‡e| cÖ_‡g A w`‡q †hme k‡ãi evbvb ïiy,
†m¸‡jv| Zvici Av w`‡q,
Zvici B w`‡q; Gfv‡e e‡Y©i µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K Awfavb| Z‡e
mvaviYfv‡e e‡Y©i †h µg
gvb¨ Kiv nq Zv †_‡K Awfav‡b mvgvb¨ e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| wb‡P Awfav‡b
AšÍf©y³ k‡ãi eY©vbyµg
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mvaviY eY©vbyµg
A Av B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S T
U V W X Y Z _ ` a b
c d e f g h i j k l m
n ÿ o p q r s t u
Awfav‡b e¨eüZ eY©vbyµg
A Av B C D E F G H I J s t
u
K ÿ LMNOPQRST
U V W o X p Y Z(r) _ ` a b
cdefghqijklmn
hy³vÿ‡ii eY©vbyµg
°±³ ÿ· M&Y » ¼ •¶
•L ½ •N
”P”Q”T ¾ À Á Â Ã Ä Å
Æ Ç oM È É Ê
Y&XYœY&g Ë Ì
˜M ˜N Ï× Ø ™¢ aŸ ›U Ú Û
b&X
šÍ š’›` Ü bœ b¥ Þ ß à á â
ã
ä eŸ ef ¤ú ç ¤^ ¤¢ ¤§ é ê
ë
ì í j¥ j ø ð ñ ®‹ ó ô ò ®ú
õ
®§¯‹ ÷ ¯Í ¯’ ¯ú ù nè ý þ
Kvi wPý v w x y ~ „ † ˆ †v
†Š
djvwPý Y g ¨ ª j e
¯^ieY©, KviwPý, Aby¯^
vi, wemM© I P›`ªwe›`yi
web¨v‡mi bgybv
K KA KAv KB KC KD KE KF KG
KH KI KJ Ks Kt Ku KuK KuL ...
Kv KvA KvAv KvB KvC KvD
KvE KvF KvG KvH KvI KvJ Kvs Kvt Kuv KuvK KuvL...
9.2 fzw³ I kxl© kã
Awfav‡b †h k‡ã A_© †`Iqv
nq, †mwU †evì UvB‡c ev †gvUv ni‡d gyw`ªZ _v‡K| GwU‡K kxl© kã e‡j|
†hgb :
AFYx[Awiwb]weY FYgy³;
FYk~b¨| {m. A+FY+Bb(Bwb);m. Ab&Yx}
ÑGLv‡b ÔAFYxÕ kãwU n‡”Q
kxl© kã|
Awfav‡b kxl© k‡ãi A_©,
e¨vL¨v I e¨envi †hfv‡e wea„Z _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq fzw³| kxl© k㸇jv hv‡Z
mn‡R Luy‡R cvIqv hvq,
†mR‡b¨ Awfav‡b k㸇jv‡K eY©vbyµwgefv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K| evsjv GKv‡Wgx
†h ÒAwfavb e¨envi
wb‡`©wkKvÓ cÖYqb K‡i‡Q Zv GiKg :
Awfavb e¨envi wb‡`©wkKv
G Awfav‡b k‡ãi D”PviY,
A_©, c` cwiPq, A_©všÍi, cÖ‡qvM, ey¨rcwË cÖf…wZ wKfv‡e wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q wbgœwjwLZ wb‡`©wkKvq
Zv cwiùzU Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡jv:
72 evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. †Zvgvi nv‡Zi Kv‡Q †h
Awfavb Av‡Q †mwU †`‡L ÔwKsKZ©e¨weg~pÕ, Ô†`DwjqvÕ, ÔiKgvwiÕ I
ÔmitÕ kxl© k‡ãi A_©,
e¨vL¨v I e¨envi †jL|
2. wnmve, wnm&mv,
AvQvo, Av”Qv`K, LvwK, LuvwU, Wªcvi, W¨vk, Drcv`b, DZivB,
wPiywb, wPivqy,
mvg¨, mvgvb¨, djR, djvi,
Bÿz, Bu`yi, cÖmvab, cÖkvLvÑ k㸇jv‡K Awfav‡bi g‡Zv
eY©bvbyµwgKfv‡e mvRvI|
Awfavb 73
weKíÿkxh©kã
c`ÿcwiPq †LZ,†ÿZÿ[†LZ]we
gvV;ÿPv‡liÿRwg; k‡m¨vrcv`‡bi
gvVÿ(PvqÿZviv,ÿdm‡jiÿ†LZ,ÿ`xwNÿIÿLvgvi
-
we‡`)| ~ цLvjv, ~ ÑLvgvi
weAvevw`ÿRwg;ÿPvwli
Kg©‡ÿÎÿ(GKÿ†MjvmÿPvDj-ÿcvwbÿLvBqvÿ†LZ-ÿÑ
†Lvjvÿ†`wL‡Zÿevwn‡iÿnBqvÿImgvbÿmiKv‡iiÿA‡bK
w`‡biÿAf¨vm
ÑAvgAv)|ÿ†LZvwj,ÿ†LwZ,ÿ†ÿwZ
we1ÿPvl-Avev`
(...weweaÿ†ÿZ†ÿwZ †kvfq Ñ
†`Šev)
|2†ÿZKl©‡YiÿevÿPvlÑAvev‡`iÿKvR| { m.
†ÿÎ>cÖv.ÿ†LË > †LZ }
Dcfzw³
cÖ‡qvMevK¨
kxl©kã
D”PviY
Aewkó [ A‡evwkk‡Uv] weY 1
evwK| 2DØ„Ë| 3
AwZwi³|{m.Ae + wkh& +
Z(³)} mvaviY A_©
[Zi]weY 1 we‡fvi; wbgMœ;
Pzi (GB kiv‡ei
wcqvjv w`‡q Zi Kwi
w`j&----bB)|2 Rjwm³; wf‡R
hvIqv (wf‡R Zi n‡q hvIqv)
| {dv. Zi& }
[Zi] we wej¤^; †`wi; A‡cÿv
(Zi m‡nbvK
GKwU wZj ---- Av‡gvKv; Zi
mq bv ei, w`‡qB weqv
Ki ---- Qov)| {m.
Z¡iv>}
Z‡iv[Z‡iv],weYcÖKv‡ii;
ai‡Yi; †kªwYi
(†KgbZi †jvK)| Z‡iv --
†eZ‡ivweYwewfbœ;
cÖKv‡ii; bvbv ai‡Yi; n‡iK
iKg (Av‡jvi wb‡kb
Szj‡Q-ÑцPŠ‡Kv j¤^v PIov
miy Z‡ivцeZ‡ivÑÑ
AVv)| †e ~ weY Lvivc
ai‡bi; Lvivc; `yó
†eqvo| {Av. Zin }
Awfbœ evbv‡bi
GKvwaK fzw³ Zi1
Zi2
Zi2
ey¨rcwË
cic` welq wb‡`©k
e¨vKiY wb‡`©k
[c‡ivc`]we1 †kªô ¯’vb; cig
ev me©‡kªô c`|
2 †gvÿ| 3 (e¨v.) mgv‡m
mgm¨gvb c``y‡Uvi g‡a¨
c‡iiwU ev wØZxqwU
(†kªôabÑÑGLv‡b ÔabÕ wØZxq
c`)| {m.ci + c`; 6Zr }
[evbv‡bv] wµ1 ˆZwi Kiv;
Mov; cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv
(evwo evbv‡bv †kl n‡q‡Q)|
2 ivuav ( iæwU evbv‡bv;
†Kvg©v evbv‡bv)|3 iuvaevi
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz †KvUv
(gvsm evbv‡bv, ZiKvwi
evbv‡bv)| 4 †Kv‡bv wKQzi
m‡½ Zzj¨ Ávb Kiv (†fov
evbv‡bv)| 5 wKQz‡Z
cwiYZ Kiv ( †evKv
evbv‡bv)| weYK…wÎg; wg_¨v|
{Zzj.wn. ebvbv; wµqvi
iƒcÑÑÑevbvB, evbvI, evbvb,
evbv‡e, evwb‡qv BZ¨vw`; AmgvwcKvi
iƒcÑÑÑ evwb‡q
evbv‡Z BZ¨vw`}
evbv‡bv
wµqvi iƒc
[Iwab] weY 1 AvqË; ekxf‚Z
(AvÁvi Aaxb)|
2 AšÍM©Z; AšÍfz©³ (kvm‡bi
Aaxb)| 3 AbyMZ;
eva¨ (Aaxb Rb)| we 1 Aaxb
e¨w³ (Aax‡bi
webxZ wb‡e`b)| 2 wbqš¿Y;
ZË¡veavb (Zvui Aax‡b
Avwg KvR Kwb)| AaxbZvwe
AvÁvbyewZ©Zv;
civaxbZv| Aaxbv, Awabx,
AwabxweY AvwkªZv;
ekxf~Zv; AbyMZv (Zzwg be
Rjai G Ze AwabxÑÑ
gÏ, ZvB‡Zv Kuv`vq wbwkw`bB
G Aaxbx ÑÑ bB)|
{m. Awa +Bb(L) }
Aaxb
A_©všÍi msL¨v
c`všÍi ms‡KZ
cÖZ¨q
Drm- fvlv wb‡`©k
`wR© `iwR `ªóe¨
wb` = wb`ªv AwfbœZv
wb‡`©kK
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